T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Essay Example

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Paper Critically discuss T. H. Marshall’s theory of citizenship as outlined inCitizenship and Social Class ( 1949/1992 ) . At the Centre of the development of citizenship in modern Britain is the pioneering work of T.H. Marshall ( Faulks, 1998 ) . T.H. Marshall proposed an highly influential theory in respects to citizenship ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Through his analysis of citizenship, Marshall has to be acknowledged as placing an original theoretical base point from which to understand a societal phenomenon ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . Few British Social Scientists other than Marshall have straight considered the construct of citizenship and made it their cardinal focal point in their work ( Lister, 2010 ) . Therefore, it has been Marshall’s part that has been considered a get downing point for farther research into the topic of citizenship rights ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . Furthermore, as Roche ( 1992 ) has identified, Marshall’s writings organize a cardinal text which he has labelled the ‘Dominant paradigm’ within citizenship theory in Britain ( Faulks, 1998 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When reviewing the work of Marshall it is of import to recognize how defining citizenship is built-in to understanding the constructs expressed in his work and others to day of the month. Marshall defined citizenship as ‘full rank of a community’ ( Marshall, 1963: 72 ) . Marshall so clarified that full citizenship position involved rank of a national community ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Marshall’s deduction was that each person considered a citizen could, hence, expect certain rights of entitlement from the province and in return would be expected to continue certain criterions or responsibilities within the community to be considered a ‘citizen’ . As the definition of citizenship has developed over the old ages so has the constructs of which it encompasses. As such, when reviewing Marshall’s work it is of import to admit the epoch during which the theories considered were proposed as noted by Dwyer ( 2010 ) . The fortunes during the clip of this essay were well different to those of modern society within Britain. Marshall’s work was considered following the Second World War and the constitution of the station war public assistance colony ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Consequently, this has led to critical treatment of Marshall’s theories sing citizenship and its value by a figure of faculty members to day of the month ( Alcock, 1989 ; Delanty, 2000 ; Dwyer, 2010 and Lister, 2010 ) . Marshall considers each facet by analyzing each attack historically to the development for rights. Marshall outlined three interlinked elements of rights that took the signifier of civil, political and societal rights ( Lister, 2010 ) . The construct of civil rights in Britain came to prominence during the 18th century and included ; ‘the rights necessary for single freedom, autonomy of the individual, freedom of address, thought and faith, the right to have belongings and to reason valid contractors, and the right to justice’ ( Marshall, 1963: 74 ) . Discussion of political rights followed during the 19th century, which included, the right to vote and stand for political office ( Marshall, 1949/1992 ) . The concluding component of rights was concluded with the ownership of societal rights to to the full categorize person as a citizen. The construct of societal rights developed chiefly in the station Second World War period. Marshall’s definition of societal rights has undergone much examination due to his equivocal theoretical position. Powell ( 2002 ) and Dwyer ( 2010 ) in peculiar remark on this deficiency of lucidity, â€Å"He is clear that there is no overarching cosmopolitan rule that decidedly defines what citizenship grants or requires† ( Dwyer, 2010:39 ) . As Marshall ( 1949/92 ) high spots on several occasions, civil citizenship rights are wholly of the conditions of a free market economic system, including a free labor market. Conversely, Marshall appears to be instead cognizant of the contradictions within the assorted strands of citizenship, although the facets seem to complect it would look they do non ever agree. Potential contradictions between societal and civil citizenship, Marshall openly discussed in footings of the struggle between citizenship and category ( Bagguley, 2013 ) . As Turner ( 1993 ) indicates, Marshall’s analysis of capitalist economy versus democracy contained a figure of ambiguities, but as a whole, Marshall strongly argued that the public assistance province would restrict the negative impact of category differences on single life-chances. Ultimately this would heighten the individual’s committedness to the system. Additionally, the epoch of which societal rights were development may impact how some persons may construe them ( Lister, 2010 ) . The development of civil freedoms was a important measure in the undoing of the hierarchal crude restrictions of position or responsibility to an individual’s societal higher-ups ( Lister, 2010 ) . Civil freedoms were besides a necessary foundation for the ulterior development of the 2nd type of rights noted by Marshall as political rights. Marshall acknowledges four major purposes to his essay. First, he examines whether citizenship is compatible with the category construction in a capitalist society such as Britain. Although he states this is possible, persons such as Faulks, ( 1998 ) feel he is ‘cautious’ in saying this. The tenseness between citizenship and capitalist economy arises out of the fact that citizenship high spots equality, while capitalist economy presumes inequality ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . For Marshall, the compatibility of citizenship with capitalist economy was due to societal rights by ‘civilising’ the impact of the market ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Marshall identifies the addition of incomes, the growing of nest eggs and the success of mass production as enabling society to redistribute wealth and societal power ( Lister, 2010 ) . Developments such as the progressive revenue enhancement system and the usage of legal assistance are shown to cut down the influence of category, efficacious ly, making societal justness via societal rights ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . As his 2nd consideration, truly, Marshall argues that citizenship in Britain can non be to the full achieved without changing market operations of the clip ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Third, Marshall identifies the displacement to rights away from duties and the consequence of this, and he considered this to be the most of import facet of citizenship in modern Britain ( Somers, 2004 ) . Finally, Marshall attempts to set up the bounds of societal equality and find merely how far the battle for societal justness could realistically travel ( Tilly, 1996 ) . Marshall contended an image of an ‘ideal citizenship’ and thereby, a end towards which aspirations can be directed. T.H. Marshall’s attack to societal citizenship has been regarded as a democratic socialist position. As Delanty ( 2002 ) recognised, societal democracy and Marshall’s classless liberalism had several facets in common. Other influential minds such as Richard Titmuss shared a similar passion within the societal democratic tradition ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Dwyer ( 2010 ) and Alcock and Oakley ( 2001 ) have identified the attacks of Titmuss and Marshall, who portion several resemblances. Each author showed a considerable importance to universal unrestricted public assistance rights. Furthermore, both Marshall and Titmuss, outlined the designation and consideration of the ‘class struggle’ which is notably identified as an of import facet of the development of societal citizenship. Marshall and Titmuss besides suggest that the development of British industrial capitalist economy is of greater significance for the outgrowth of societal rights ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Additiona lly, the two authors shared the same optimism about the motives that underpin human nature. Titmuss and Marshall both assumed that citizens would largely act in a responsible mode and expression to heighten their ain lives, and the lives of fellow members of their national community, instead than mistreat any benefits that societal rights may convey for single addition ( Alcock and Oakley, 2001 ) As Dwyer ( 2010 ) , truly provinces, personal reading is finally what pins down the determination about whether or non the work of T.H. Marshall can be seen as societal democratic. Key subjects that are cardinal to Social Democracy have been identified as: the publicity of equality, freedom, societal integrating and cosmopolitan rights to welfare ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ; Turner, 1993 ) . Arguably Marshall’s ( 1949/92 ) indorsement of these beliefs identifies him as a societal Democrat of kinds, even if possibly he moved off from this place in ulterior life. Delanty ( 2000 ) refers to Marshall’s positions as a socially democratic left flying broad attack to citizenship. Marshall’s Citizenship theory, although seen as pioneering, has been the head of many reviews ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . As Tilly ( 1996 ) provinces, Marxist critics of Marshall’s work on citizenship are widely known, depicting the analysis Marshall has given every bit superficial as it does non highlight, a citizen’s right to command economic production, which has been argued as a necessity for continual shared richness ( Somers, 1994 ) . Furthermore, feminist positions as stated by Lister ( 2008 ) states Marshall’s theory as being highly confined in being entirely on work forces, while non admiting, the societal rights of adult females. ( Held and Thompson 1989 ) . Therefore, Marshall’s Theory reflects that of merely the on the job category white male position ( Lister, 2003 ) . His statement that in England wholly people were free and had civil rights can be seen as fancied, as at the clip merely work forces had ‘legal freedom’ or the capable ness to exert political or civil rights ( Lister, 2008 ) . Additionally, Marshall does non discourse other facets of society including 2nd category citizens and gender and racial hierarches ( Tilly, 1996 ) . Although Marshall did non discourse the issues associated with 2nd category people, he acknowledged that citizenship itself plays a portion in societal inequality ( Marshall, 1942/92 ) . As one time noted earlier it is of import to understand the fortunes during the clip of this essay were well different to those of modern society within Britain ( Dwyer, 2010 ) Furthermore, Neo-liberal positions and free market political orientation asserts that the non-engagement of the province from economic protection is the foundation of a society with strength and goodness ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ) . Consequently they are wholly opposed to the societal rights proposed by Marshall ( Turner, 1993 ) . Neo-liberals alternatively suggest that public assistance plans such as some of the societa l duties discussed by Marshall to assist the hapless in efficaciously using their civil and political rights, have promoted passiveness among the hapless without bettering life opportunities and have created a civilization of public assistance dependence ( Held and Thompson, 1989 ; Roche, 1992 ) . Citizenship, or the equality of rights it generates, becomes an integrative procedure antagonizing the inclinations towards societal division and struggle generated by the economic system. For Marshall, inequality was non an issue within itself. His focal point was to happen an acceptable balance between the forces for inequality and those for equality ( Lewis 1998 ) . Marshall distinguished between countries of the public assistance province where greater grades of inequality where acceptable and those where this was non the instance, as the contrasts between the wellness service system and legal assistance high spot ( Marshall, 1949/92 ) . Furthermore, this illustrated that for Marshall, citizenship concepts an affinity between rights and responsibilities. However, this balance is non distributed every bit among all who might do the claim to citizenship ( Lewis, 1998 ) . To reason, while sing whether citizenship is compatible with the category construction in a capitalist society such as Britain, Marshall seems cautious in saying that this is possible ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Marshall provided an evolutionary position of citizenship, developing through assorted phases and degrees to make its concluding incarnation in the rules of British public assistance political relations ( Turner, 1993 ) . The extent of rights and responsibilities that citizenship entails is unfastened to ongoing argument and has been challenged over clip. However, Marshall seems positive about the enrichment of citizenship at the clip of authorship ( Dwyer, 2010 ) . Initially, Marshall put the relationship between the citizen, the province and the societal public assistance at the Centre of his analysis. Marshall achieved this by his suggestion of consisting citizenship into three complecting facets. Marshall viewed civil, political and societal rights as a consequence of an evolution ary procedure, with each component overlapping ( Turner, 1993 ) . Marshall’s citizenship is a position rendered to people who can claim full citizenship of a community. Although, as noted by Lewis ( 1998 ) Marshall did non clearly province a standard to which people may get such rank. Furthermore, there is a long and on-going argument as to whether Marshall intended his historical analysis to be interpreted as a general theory of citizenship or whether the essay was merely a commentary on the developments of citizenship within England ( Faulks, 1998 ) . Bibliography. Alcock, P. ( 1989 ) . ‘Why Citizenship and New Welfare Rights Offer new Hope for Welfare in Britain, ’ Critical Social Policy,Vol 19, no 2, pp 32-43 Alcock, P. and Oakley, A. ( 2001 ) . ‘Introduction’ , in P.Alcock, H Glennerster, A. Oakley and A. Sinfield ( explosive detection systems )Welfare and Wellbeing: Richard Titmuss’s part to societal policy,Bristol: The Policy Press, pp1-9 Bagguley, P. ( 2013 ) Industrial citizenship: a re-conceptualisation and instance survey of the UK ,International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,Vol. 33 no: 5/6, pp.265 279 Delanty, G. ( 2000 )Citizenship in a Global Age: Society Culture and Politics,Buckingham: Open University Press Dwyer, P. ( 2010 ) .Understanding Social Citizenship: Subjects and positions for policy and pattern. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Great Britain: The Policy Press. Faulks, K ( 1998 ) .Citizenship in Modern Britain. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Held, D. and Thompson, J. ( 1989 ) .Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lewis, G. ( 1998 ) . Citizenship. In: Hughes, G.Imagining Welfare Futures. London: Routledge Ltd. pp 103-50. Lister, R ( 2003 ) .Citizenship: Feminist Positions. 2nd erectile dysfunction. New York: New York University Press. 2003. Lister, R ( 2010 ) .Understanding Theories and Concepts in Social Policy.Great Britain: The Policy Press. Marshall, T.H. ( 1949/92 ) ‘Citizenship and societal class’ , in T.H. Marshall and T.Bottomore,Citizenship and societal category, London: Pluto Press Marshall, T.H. and Bottomore, T. ( 1992 )Citizenship and societal category,London: Pluto Press Powell, M. ( 2002 ) ‘The Hidden History of Social Citizenship’ ,Citizenship Studies,Vol 6, no 3, pp 229-45 Somers, M. R. ( 1994) , Rights, Relationality, and Membership: Rethinking the Making and Meaning of Citizenship. Law A ; Social Inquiry, 19: 63–114. Tilly, C ( 1996 ) .Citizenship, Identity and Social History.International Review of Social History, 40, pp 1-17. Turner, B ( 1993 ) .Citizenship and Social Theory. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Student Exam figure: Y82850301

Preparing For a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Sample Essay

Preparing For a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Sample EssayEvery student who takes the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) program at a Canadian college or university must first sit for a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) sample essay. The sample essay is a way for instructors to demonstrate that their students know what they are doing and are prepared to take on advanced courses in the field of science and math.A student writing a sample will be expected to analyze a set of questions about the nature of the cosmos and its origins. The questions could be about whether there are other smaller worlds in the cosmos, how the other planets formed, what are the odds of life existing on these planets, and how long it would take to form life on these planets if there was life in the cosmos. Students will also be asked to answer whether or not the universe we live in is conscious. Finally, they will have to examine the relatio nship between consciousness and the laws of physics.All students in the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) program have to write a science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) sample essay to demonstrate that they understand the science, mathematics and their connection to the cosmos. This is a required course for the program and is usually a part of the first term of the second year.Most students will have trouble with the questions that deal with the cosmic matter that forms the basis of the concept of space and time. They may also struggle with the concept of the properties of the cosmos and how they are related to the laws of physics.Some students may question whether or not the cosmos is living or conscious, or even know whether or not there is a natural law that causes the laws of physics to be the way they are. There may be many concepts that may confuse a student in the course, but students can still succeed if they are well prepared to get th e best possible grade on their Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) sample essay.Students should start by looking at the sample essays that are available for them to study. For example, there are an abundance of papers on cosmology and astrophysics and related topics. These are great resources for students who want to learn more about these topics and explore their understanding of cosmology and related topics.Once the student has an idea of what questions they would like to answer, they should choose one or two questions that are relevant to the topic of cosmic particles. They should then go over these questions in more detail with a friend or instructor and ensure that the student understands the science behind the questions. In this way, the student will learn about all the concepts and how they relate to each other.The student needs to understand that the task they are assigned to write a sample essay does not have to be hard or boring. It is just a project th at the student is given to do, and they need to make sure that they are ready to tackle it. After all, the entire point of the assignment is to demonstrate that the student understands the concepts of the subject, and that they can answer challenging questions with confidence.

Goree Island Book Review Essay Example

Goree Island Book Review Essay Example Goree Island Book Review Paper Goree Island Book Review Paper Review: Goree Island: Island of No Return, Saga of the Signares by Richard Harrison Goree. Gold Leaf Press, Mt. Clemens, MI. 1996. Often times a search for family history can lead to confusing twists and turns or shocking revelations. In the case of Richard Goree, the search for his family’s past led to a novel with much important knowledge for the rest of the world. Goree Island is a story revealing the importance of signares in economic success during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and colonial period in Africa. Elevating themselves to respected and revered statuses, these mulatto women were considered the grease that kept the European (particularly French) economic machines moving. During the colonial period in Africa, mulatto (half white/half African) women came to power as the go-betweens for traders by utilizing their lighter complexion to initially gain a level of inherent trust. When an incoming trading ship ported at Goree Island, the French stationed there would send these women, signares, to the important shipmen on board in hopes that the gift of the company of these women would put them in a better mood to trade. : Throughout the years these women became vital to the success of the French at Goree Island. In a course about the history of African women the signares are bound to come as up as an essential part of the slave trade era. However, one of the main points of this book was primarily on everyday life and interactions between signares and other individuals; including their effects on the island’s economy, social and diplomatic relationships and ceremony. When Goree Island was a high traffic port for trading, the most important activities surrounding a ship’s arrival would be centered around the signares. When word of an incoming English ship came in to Monsieur de Drouin, he was extremely concerned about the incoming shipmen’s impressions of their signares. Without the involvement of these signares it is unknown how the transactions would have gone, but what is known is the length of preparations that were made to ensure their visitors were pleased and in return were generous in trade. Sasha and Helene-Marie, both Mothers of the signares at different times, were given the privilege of slave labor to build a stone parlor for their entertaining purposes. This was completely out of the ordinary for French society, however exceptions to the French rules were made daily for the signares, as shown by Andre Bruie’s conversation with a newly arrived factor. â€Å"They have the connections [signares]. So, if the rules don’t provide for them, then the rules must at least give them room to do what they do best† (115). The importance of signares was not underestimated in Goree Island and is evidenced by the French’s willingness to budge on previously unfathomable aspects of life, race relations. Another main point of this book is that the signares were not simply handed their positions but they were acquired through hard work and cunning. The aforementioned stone parlor was earned by Helene-Marie through an invention that was adapted by the French in their prisons on the island. After asking for permission to use slave labor, Bruie responded to her â€Å"she could have the men do it if she could secure them and still give them room to do the work. Then I laughed and dismissed the idea, she came back one week later with this† (116). He was referencing a collard invention that Helene-Marie devised in only one week. This shows that the signares were innovative enough to have created their own opportunities and acquire the position they are in by their own actions. The greatest contribution to helping understand the signares life choices was an early interaction between Helene-Marie and a young Sasha. Sasha inquired if Helene-Marie ever asked for anything in return from the European men they visited. Helene-Marie scolded Sasha for asking such a question and continued to enforce the fact that they are to expect nothing in return and to be obedient to their guests. This dialogue between the two is important to understanding that from a young age the signares were trained for their future. Once the signares had established their position on the island it was important to teach the young mulatto women and future signares their roles at a young age because often times it was unknown how young they were going to be requested by the traders. One of the things I would have liked to have added in this book would have been stories of interactions between the signares and the visiting traders. It was shown on more than one occasion that signares can become emotionally attached to their traders so there has to be some sort of poignant connections happening between them. These exchanges would also provide additional insight on how the signares were able to climb to the social position they have achieved.

Put the best topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Put the best topic - Assignment Example Heroism is not recognized in leadership but everything that is done in leadership is through the assumption that one matters in all aspects. Role models in leadership are mostly family members from where one comes from. Entertainers are considered to be role models in leadership (Law and Ian, 301). Leadership is not inborn but can be learned. It is learned from observable practices, skills and behaviors. The learned are the reasonable skills and abilities. Skills and abilities that are learned can be strengthened and enhanced through motivation and desire that one has. John Cedel develops his leadership talents through observation of what was happening in the environment. He was keen on the other leaders, their strengths and their weaknesses. Once one is a leader, they learn to be better that what they are (Law and Ian, 106). Learning about leadership is not for everyone but for those who master it and considered having a strong desire to excel and belief that skills and abilities ca n be learned and enhanced. Leaders can be good but there is consideration that best leaders are the best learners. A good leader is that person who never stops learning. Experiences, both good and bad should be used to enhance leadership. Those that are learned about leadership should be put in practice. Becoming a leader is not for the sake of an individual but for the sake of everyone in an organization. High IQ does not make performance of a leader better. Those that are brilliant only have the average intelligence without practicing. John Cedel after becoming a leader does not stop learning about leadership skills that are needed in the organization. Skills that he learns make him effectively manage workers in the organization. Having a passion to learning is what makes a leader have good performance (Law and Ian, 205). The passion exposes one to honestly examine how the leader and the others perform. It is through the belief

Individual 4 international financial market Essay

Individual 4 international financial market - Essay Example Mean is often used to determine the expected future returns of mutual funds since it is the best estimate that can be used from the past data. Resources such as NASDAQ stock prices or Yahoo finance are used to provide to help project the future returns of securities. As long as any positive trend or negative trend is noted and taken into consideration, the use of historical data is therefore appropriate in predicting future mutual fund performance. We can also use the mean to project the future and also deliver the obligatory caveat that past returns are not necessarily indicative of future returns. Discussion The mean return is used to analyse the current market performance of the business and to make future projection. The expected mean is sometimes appropriate best estimate available of future returns, where the actual return is likely to be equal to the expected return. Due to this reason investors would prefer to have an idea of how precise their estimates might be. To assist in quantifying the managers and investors estimates, standard deviation and variance are always preferred to be used. Standard deviation is the measure of variability which is also used as the standard measure of the total risk of individual assets and portfolio assets. It measures how far from the expected return the actual return might be. The two companies discussed has the same positive return but their level of risk as measured by the variance cannot be seen to be the same. ConocoPhillips (COP) It is a multinational energy corporation with its headquarters located in Texas in the United States. The company is viewed as one of the largest independent pure play exploration and production and it is also one of the big fortune 500 companies. The company was founded in 1875 as the continental oil and Transportation Company. The company have gone through different stages to reach this far. It is considered the top performing company financially in the NASDAQ financial market. Most of f inancial analysts use standard deviation when working with historical returns since they are deemed to be samples unless 100% of the data points are used in the calculation. The company recorded a negative average mean of -5.64%. Even though the company is the best performing in the current stock market its long term financial plan has failed and they have recorded a loss. On the other hand the company strategy for the upcoming trade is more profitable as shown by their projected return shown by the standard deviation measurement that have indicated a positive percentage of 4.41%. The variance of the company stock also shows a positive percentage of 19.46%, therefore showing that the company obligation to meet long term goals is positive. Dr. Reddy's Laboratories This is an international pharmaceutical company that is based in Hyderaband, Andhra Pradesh in India. The company was found by Dr Anji Reddy who had been working in a publicly owned Indian drugs pharmaceutical limited. The company manufactures and markets a wide range of pharmaceuticals in India and overseas, with over 90 different types of medication and 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients, for drug manufacture, diagnostic kits, critical care, and biotechnology products. The historical performance of the company has indicated a good financial market. The result of the return from the past 10 month’

The Editing in Farewell My Concubine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Editing in Farewell My Concubine - Essay Example When characterizing the film in regards to its technical elements one notes that despite its elaborate mise-en-scene and epic subject matter, the film is shot and edited in a very straight-forward and direct manner. This essay specifically examines elements of editing in Farewell My Concubine and considers the means by which they contributed to the film’s meaning and overriding style. As the film opens the camera follows Dieyi and Xiaolou, in full opera garb, as they enter the vacant auditorium. The film cuts to a shot situated from high in the crowd and the viewer is put in the place of the audience. The juxtaposition of these shots has the effect of first giving the viewer the impression of an upcoming grand performance, and then subverting their expectations with the shot from a distance. It immediately creates a sense of isolation and emotional impoverishment; this is further enforced as the viewer soon discovers that the two performers haven’t performed together since the Cultural Revolution. During this opening scene director, Kaige largely refrains from editing shots together, instead of allowing the scene to develop. Some viewers might immediately be disrupted by this more ‘art film’ style approach, but by not cutting with the frequency the director situates the viewer as an actual member of the audience. The long scenes also establish the film overarching tone as somber and slightly cerebral. Farewell, My Concubine also makes notable uses of montage editing to condense time. While it’s become clichà © for many films to develop an entire sequence of shots that are spliced together to give the viewer the impression of time’s passage, director Kaige has a subtle technique that adds considerable poignancy to the film. After Xiaolou has been forced to sit outside in the snow with a board on his head, the film cuts to the troupe of boys standing outside in the cold reciting  lines.  

Jonah: A False Prophet or a Prophet with a False God? Essay -- Religio

Jonah: A False Prophet or a Prophet with a False God? The Jonah narrative is a story often told to children to emphasize that it is wrong to run from God and there is no way to escape from God. However as adults we see that there is more to the story. There are many ways to interpret the Jonah narrative and the character of Jonah. Readers may even read the story with an anti-Semitic view if they judge solely from their first impressions of Jonah. We see a man who flees, a man who is angry with God, and a man who pouts under a bush and wishes to die. From all this we may conclude that Jonah is selfish. If we read beyond the surface impression and pay careful attention to the narrative and Jonah's words and not just deeds, we see a more spiritual concern in Jonah's heart. He is not concerned about what people think of him but what people think of God. During Jonah's time, conditions were not very stable. Political, social, and religious disorder reigned in Israel. Syria had recently won a war and taken over Israel. The relationship between Jonah's homeland and Nineveh, the capital of Syria, were strained and bursting with animosity. Israel itself was in a state of turmoil, trying to adjust to the loss of their power and independence (Winard 538). In his article "Jonah: The Wayward Dove", Richard Stamp charges Jonah with extreme nationalism. "We see a rather obnoxious man who is disobedient to God and seems to be a bigoted nationalist of the worst kind" (Stamp 80). Jonah's frustration with God shows that he would rather see the destruction of more than a hundred and twenty thousand souls than acknowledge that God can be merciful to the foreigners of Nineveh. His anger over God's mercy towards this wicked city is used to ju... ...aracteristics in all his actions. Jonah is never concerned about what people think of him but what people think of God. Works Cited Fretheim, Terence E. The Message of Jonah: A Theological Commentary.Augsburg Publishing House: Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1977 Martin, Hugh D.D. The Prophet Jonah: His Character and Mission to Nineveh. The Banner of Truth Trust: Highgate West Hill, London , 1958. Myers, Jacob Martin. The Book of Joel; The Book of Amos; The Book of Obadiah; The Book of Jonah. John Knox Press: Richmond, Virginia, 1959. The New Oxford Annotated Bible: (NRSV)Oxford University Press, 1991. Seiden, Chaim. "Why does Jonah Want to Die?" Bible Review 15 June 1999: 4. Stamp, Richard. "Jonah: The Wayward Dove" The Expository Times Vol. 111 Dec.1999:80-82. Winward, Stephen F. A Guide to the Prophets. John Knox Press: Richmond, Virginia 1969.